Insurance Loans24

HISTORY OF MOTOR INSURANCE

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 Motor insurance was
first launched  in U. K.. The first car
was manufactured  in 1984and the first
motor insurance  policy was issued  in 1985. It covered liabilities  to third party. In 1889, accidental damage to
car in 1901 burglary and
fire were added. Thus the progress made is found is in comprehensive policy of
today. In 1903, the car and General Insurance Corporation Ltd. Was started and
many companies  were started later. After
World war, number  of card and car
accidents increased. The victims of the car accidents  were not given any compensations. So the
third party insurance was made mandatory (The Road Traffic Act 1930, 1934, and
1969)  (In Motor Vehicles)  Act was enacted  in 1939. The act was the same as that of U.
K. The only differences 
is that in U. K. tariff is withdrawn, but India’s tariff governs
the  insurance.<br />
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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPALS OF MOTOR INSURANCE</div>
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The basic principals 
applicable to motor  insurance are
the same as they are  in property and liability  insurance. But the applications of these
principles  to automobile  insurance is accepted  as a specialised  problem requiring a special contract. However
let us recall the principles below in brief: (1) Utmost good faith: Motor  insurance contracts are contracts of utmost
good faith . The proposer is liable to disclose all the material facts
relating  to the motor vehicle  to insurer. For this purpose the proposer is
a given a proposal  from and he is asked
to give answers for all the questions asked in it. The answers  given by the proposer  becomes warranties or promises. So the
answers  must be true to the language and
must  be correct. Any incorrect answer 
on any matter will make the contract viodable. Some examples  of material facts are: the type of vehicle,
the geographical  area of use, the
physical health  of driver the driving
history, traffic convictions and post loss experience etc. Many of these
provisions are now regulated by motor vehicle Act 1939 </div>
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. (2)
INSURABLE INTEREST: It refers to legal right to insure. The essentials of
insurable interest are: (a) Existence of motor vehicle exposed   to damage or liability : (b) such motor
vehicle must be the subject matter of insurance: and ( C ) the insured must be
in such a position that he shall suffer by loss or damage or benefit by the
safety of the motor vehicle. Generally the following parties are expected to
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n insurable 
interest.  (a)  INSURED: As a owner of vehicle the insured
suffers a loss if his vehicle is damaged or from a legal liability to
third  party who suffers a loss for his
negligence. (B) OTHER THAN INSURED:  The
driver of the vehicle may create liability for insured. In effect, the insured
becomes the agent for the drivers and insured indemnifies him.  ( C ) FINANCIER: In hire purchase agreement,
the financier’s interest is insurable. In case the vehicle  is lost 
or damaged, the financier can get compensation. <br />
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(d) MOTOR TRADER: The garage proprietors as bailees have
insurable interest for customer’s loss or damage.  (3) INDEMNITY: The objects of this principle
is to place the insured after a loss in the same financial position as far as
possible, as he occupied immediately 
before the loss. The effect of this principle is to prevent the insured
from making a profit out of his loss or gaining any benefits or advantage.
Accordingly  to this principle, the
insurer is liable to pay the actual value of loss or sum insured whichever is
less in case of total loss to insured. If old parts are replaced by new a
suitable depreciation is charged on new parts. Insurer may repair or replace or
pay cash as it likes. Liability to third party is limited to policy sum Legal costs are also indemnified. </div>
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(4) SUBROGATION AND CONTRIBUTION: Subrogation is transfer of rights and remedies of the insured to the insurer who has
indemnified the insured  in respect of
the loss. It arises only when the third party is responsible for damage.
Insurer may exercise the insured’s right to recover damages. Generally they the
right arises after payment of damage. Contributions  refers to sharing of damage between
co-insurers. It is done in the proportion 
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(5) PROXIMATE CAUSE: The insurers are liable to pay  compensations only if loss is caused  by a peril most proximate or the nearest to damage and if it is insured
against. It is applicable to third party claims also.</div>
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HISTORY OF MOTOR INSURANCE

Motor insurance was first launched in U. K.. The first car was manufactured in 1984and the first motor insurance policy was issued in 1985. It covered liabilities to third party. In 1889, accid…

MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE

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MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE</div>
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Introduction : 
Insurance not falling under fire insurance and marine  insurance is considered as miscellaneous  insurance as per the insurance. Act 1938. The
four public sector general insurance companies and some private general insurance
companies have brought to light a number of miscellaneous insurance policies is
cover a variety of other risks. The most important  forms of miscellaneous insurance are: Motor insurance, Legal liability insurance, Business
insurance, Hospitalisation insurance, Social sector insurance, Engineering
insurance,  Rural insurance,  and other insurance. Let us discuss all
these  insurances, one by one in the
pages to come</div>
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. 1. MOTOR INSURANCE : The owner of a motor vehicle  is exposed to various types of risks. These
risks fall into two groups. First those of damage to , or loss or destruction
of the motor  vehicle  itself and second, that of being called upon
to pay damages for injuries which may be done to others through  the use, ownerships  or maintenance of the motor vehicle. The
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or risk  may further
be classified as follows: </div>
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(1) Destruction by 
fire, internal or external in origin, </div>
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(2) Theft, </div>
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(3) Injury through collision with some other object moving
or fixed or through upset.</div>
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 (4) Other damages to motor  vehicles as by breakage of glass, damage in
flood, or while being transported. The second type of risk  is the liability
of the insured to third parties arising out of a accidents caused by the use of
a motor vehicle on the road. The liability may be for death  or bodily injury or for damages to property.
The risk also vary accordingly  to the
class of vehicle. E. g. in a passenger automobile. the liability may be for
death  of or injury  to
passengers  or in a common carrier, the
liability may be loss of or damage to the property carried. In order to
safeguard  the owner of a motor vehicle
from the above mentioned risks a special insurance,</div>
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MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE

MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE Introduction : Insurance not falling under fire insurance and marine insurance is considered as miscellaneous insurance as per the insurance. Act 1938. The four public sect…

TYPES OF GROUP INSURANCE POLICIES

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The LIC of India has designed some group insurance
policies  for the benefit of working
class. Such  policies are described  briefly 
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  (1) Group (Term) Insurance
Scheme: It provide  life insurance
protection  to group of people. It is
offered  under One Year Renewable Group
term Assurance (OYRGTA) and  the
scheme’s  is renewed  every year after taking in to a account the
changes  in the size of group. The
following are the main features of this scheme. 
(a)  Master policy: A single
master policy is issued covering  all the
members of the scheme. The scheme is administered by the Employer Associations,
Societies, etc. called Nodal agencies, </div>
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(b) Premium : Premium rates are reviewed
on the basis  of claim experienced under
the individual scheme. ( C ) Eligibility : For all Non-employer employee  group scheme, the basic insurability
condition is that the member should be 
in good health on the date of entry. For the GI scheme of employer-
employee groups the  insurability   condition is that the member should not be
absent on  groups of sickness on the
entry date.  ( D)  Restrictions: The restriction under this
scheme relate to minium and maximum age limit for eligibility of cover (18to
60), participation of minimum percentage (75%) 
of eligibility  members  of the  groups at inception  and compulsory participation of all new members.  (E) 
Benefits: As the name term insurance indicates the amount cover is
payable in the event of death of the member. Nothing is payable on survival.
The cover amount  is either uniform or
graded. Uniform cover means that every member 
of the  groups is insured for the
same amount. The cover is decided  on the
basis of average size of the  group and
occupation or activity  which  group is engaged in. Graded cover  us usually granted to employer /
employee  groups because of general level
of health care and life style of the member being  satisfactory. For graded cover,  group can be divided  in to who three or four levels such as: </div>
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GROUP
INSURANCE SCHEME IN LIEU OF EDLI (EMPLOYEE’S 
DEPOSIT LINKED INSURANCE) : All employers to whom the Employee’s . Provident
fund and Mis. provision Act 1952 applies 
have a statutory liability to provide life insurance benefit to all
their  employees by subscribing  to Employees Deposit linked Insurance
(EDLI)  1976 i.e, Rs. 0.60 per Rs. 100
wage  bill of each employee. Under
EDLI  scheme, in the event of death  balance in PF account  of the deceased Rs. 60, 000, whichever is
lower . The Employees P.F and Mis . Provision Act also provides</div>
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that if  any scheme of
insurance gives more benefits than the EDLI the employer  is entitled to switch over to that scheme after obtaining  the approval of the  Central provident Fund Commissioner.  LIC’s 
GroupInsurance  Scheme in lieu of
EDLI has been accepted  as a better
alternative for EDLI. Under LIC’s  group
insurance Scheme. each employee is covered for a sum assured  of more than Rs. 60, 000 depending upon the current
salary and services put in from the very first 
day, irrespective  of the actual
balance in the provident Fun. 
ELIGIBILITY:  For LIC’  Group insurance  Scheme in lieu of EDLI  the insurability  condition is that he should be a member  of the Provident Fund’s Scheme  of the employer.  ACCIDENT BENEFIT: Double  accident benefit can be allowed to the extent
of the sum assured  for an extra premium
@ Rs. 0.75 per thousand. Benefits to Employer: (a) Premium under LIC’s Group
insurance scheme is usually less than the total contribution to provident
fund  authorities. (b) Settlement of
claim is quicker  ( C ) Premium paid is
treated as business expense  for income
tax purpose.  </div>
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 GROUP SAVINGS LINKED
INSURANCE (GSLI) scheme: The GSLI scheme offers insurance cover together with a
saving element. The GSLI scheme this scheme , is deducted from the monthly
salary of the member. The scheme is applied in Govt. Bodiespublic sector corporations and reputed  private companies who  keep accurate records of their employees. A portion of the contribution of the employees is
utilised  as premium to cover  term assurances  for a fixed sum and the balance is treated as
savings which are accumulated  at an
attractive rate. At present, the rate  is
10%  p.a, Member exit the scheme on
retirement or earlier by death or resignation. BENEFITS: (a) On death while in
service: Amount of insurance cover and accumulated  savings up to 
the date of death. (b)</div>
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 On retirement /
resignation: Accumulated  savings up to
the date of exit. TAX BENEFIT: (a) 
Contribution Full are treated as insurance premium and enjoy the
benefits under section 80C. (b)  Savings
accumulations received are tax free.</div>
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TYPES OF GROUP INSURANCE POLICIES

The LIC of India has designed some group insurance policies for the benefit of working class. Such policies are described briefly below. (1) Group (Term) Insurance Scheme: It provide life insu…

GROUP INSURANCE POLICIES

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Group insurance policies 
are certain plans of insurance which are offered to group of persons.
The group may be:<br />
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(a) Employer- employee 
group, (b) Association  of
professional, doctors, etc., ( C ) Members of Co-operative Banks / Credit societies. (d)  Association of weaker sections such as
Rickshaw pullers, Railway porters etc., (e) Member  of housing Societies.  (f) Borrowers of housing  loan from public sector undertakings.  (g) Borrowers of Bank  Co-operative Societies or housing societies.
Under group insurance a master policy  is
issued as evidence of contract between the insurance company and another legal
entity which may be an employer, trustee, and an association.<br />
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The master policy
defines the group of lives to be covered 
benefit if confers, the amount of contribution  to be paid and other condition and
privileges  of the participating  group member. Group insurance is a group
selection process and not a selection of individual life. It is recognised that
every group  will contain some proportion
of substandard lives but group under writing  assumes that
the insurer is able to reasonably  assess
the overall risk from the general nature 
of the group. The group  is
supposed to be homogeneous and contains 
sufficient  numbers so that the
number of claims to be  homogeneous and
contain  sufficient numbers so that the
number of  claims by death can be
reasonably  estimated on the basis of the
average. The amount of cover is determined on the basic of a formulas and is not
decided by individual  forming the group.
Insurance on the lives of all members up to a limit called ‘Free cover
limit’  is granted  on the basis of simple rules of  insurability ‘. ‘Simple rules of
insurability   means not absent from duty
on group of sickness  on the date of
effecting insurance. Free cover limit does not mean free insurance premium. It
is free to the extent that no evidence of health is called for .  As a result of ,ass
administration and simple underwriting 
practice, group insurance becomes 
a low cost insurance cover for a group. However the premium rates are
adjusted   on the basic of experiences.
This is called. Experiences Rating . For medium and big sized group. sharing of
profits on the basis of years after taking into amount feature. If surplus is
generated over a period of years after 
taking into account the premium collected and the benefit conferred the
rate of premium can be reduced in the future years. If on the other hand, it results in continuous  is rated up.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjvf47rzTvf4fS4eWllPZuSsF80JosCRm9njEIfPxJJ_eiEsbiuAst3bwYut3Py7PsnfCXeSPkzJu9X-YTuox-YJUxIzZHyelMk_n0gDqt3MBgKuBvu6OZOxSLRdb49c1pTWSpEkRFRjg/s1600/Economic-Downturn.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjvf47rzTvf4fS4eWllPZuSsF80JosCRm9njEIfPxJJ_eiEsbiuAst3bwYut3Py7PsnfCXeSPkzJu9X-YTuox-YJUxIzZHyelMk_n0gDqt3MBgKuBvu6OZOxSLRdb49c1pTWSpEkRFRjg/s1600/Economic-Downturn.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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Difference between Group
Insurance and individual insurance  Group
insurance differs from individual 
insurance on the following counts.</div>

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 (1) Cover: A group of person  is covered under the Group insurance. A
person’s life covered in individual insurance. (2) Contract: The Group
insurance is contract between the insurer and another legal entity, which may
be an employer, trustee and an association. The individual insurance is a
contract between the insured and the insurer.</div>
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(3) Medical Examination : No medical examination is required
for Group insurance. In  Individual  insurance, medical examination is necessary
in most of the cases. (4) Policy: A master policy is issued   for Group insurance as against an individual
policy  in individual insurance. (5) Sum
Assured : A fixed sum assured is paid for every claim under Group insurance.
The sum assured depends  upon the premium
paying capacityof the assured in individual insurance.</div>
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  (6) Premium: The premium under the Group
insurance is paid by the employer or employee or by both. The premium under
individual insurance is paid either by the assured or by the insuring
party.  (7) Protection: The group
insurance  is a social welfare scheme.
The individual insurance is a provision 
for old age and for the family. 
(8). Change of Assured: The individual is changed under the Group
insurance in case of retirement or death. No such change is possible in
individual insurance.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAwqQ7qLvG7O8Dy2LsWuGwnqkerKdRaSGy2emMgyGB7TmqJ98ka2I4jSMjGsMCfQ3SyHViuKqXjCFE7FldPaBhQSMX8hluwXU_OX-e8H0XuVKTCODlWtEwviclpTJvMOl79hn3n_bDr3Q/s1600/business-women-discussing.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAwqQ7qLvG7O8Dy2LsWuGwnqkerKdRaSGy2emMgyGB7TmqJ98ka2I4jSMjGsMCfQ3SyHViuKqXjCFE7FldPaBhQSMX8hluwXU_OX-e8H0XuVKTCODlWtEwviclpTJvMOl79hn3n_bDr3Q/s1600/business-women-discussing.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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GROUP INSURANCE POLICIES

Group insurance policies are certain plans of insurance which are offered to group of persons. The group may be: (a) Employer- employee group, (b) Association of professional, doctors, etc., ( C )…

LIFE INSURANCE PRODUCTS OR POLICIES

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As mentioned
earlier  in the  life insurance 
industry, apart from LIC India Several private companies are also
involved  in selling  life policies to general public living in
different corners of our country. The policies of private players have already
been given in the previous chapter. The policies of LIC of India have great
have been grouped under the following nine major  heads.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvIigCceW-cgZ2PXRPlBix06V3tkoCHcRWwfXff0agO1tXWdJ2IB4LmJi8GnJDAMHpTvwHb75NVao5dOD-MuwhUmKkXrIFM4Zl79d8un7u7pWpcTgpNrCXVPF3cP73YVL4SrYvbSmP4t0/s1600/bigstock-Business-Woman.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvIigCceW-cgZ2PXRPlBix06V3tkoCHcRWwfXff0agO1tXWdJ2IB4LmJi8GnJDAMHpTvwHb75NVao5dOD-MuwhUmKkXrIFM4Zl79d8un7u7pWpcTgpNrCXVPF3cP73YVL4SrYvbSmP4t0/s1600/bigstock-Business-Woman.png" width="368" /></a></div>
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1) Whole life policies. 2)  Endowment policies  3) Children’s policies 4)  Joint life policy  5) women’s policy 6) Term policies  7) Special policies  8) Group insurance policies  9) Pension policies.   </div>
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(1) whole life policies:  </div>
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The risk is covered for the entire of the policy holder which
is why they are known as whole life policies. They policy amount and the bonus
are payable only to the nominee or the beneficiary upon the death of the policy
holder. The policy holder is not entitled to any money during his or her own
life time i.e., there is no survival benefit. This represents a  serious drawback in the case of whole life
policies for they go on covering a policy holder’s life even after his life has no
further economic  value for others. One
the other hand   a policy holder would
probably require  the money for himself  and his spouse during  retired life but this would not be possible
since the sum assured is payable  only
when the   policy holder dies. In his
sense whole life  policy  are fairly 
rigid and suitable  only in a few
very specific cases. The important  whole
life  policies offered by LIC of India
are as follows:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjErOpNzBJWzI4K9qZYznKQxiXe1URuxe4piwSdZtpXlNRWyd_3VXWJrUeXZ2rnm2SlgF5JMhUfnS-r9hgFuT4pgIqEtMkpGQr2OJcDVbO6he-de3tuHd6rOj-Zcr4xk3ALZi_c_Rk79-o/s1600/insurance+life.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjErOpNzBJWzI4K9qZYznKQxiXe1URuxe4piwSdZtpXlNRWyd_3VXWJrUeXZ2rnm2SlgF5JMhUfnS-r9hgFuT4pgIqEtMkpGQr2OJcDVbO6he-de3tuHd6rOj-Zcr4xk3ALZi_c_Rk79-o/s1600/insurance+life.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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 1)  Single 
premium whole life plan No.8: Under this 
policy  the total  amount of premium payable is paid in one
lumpsum by the assured. The time element is the predominating feature and
protection element  is substantially less
than the face value of the  policy .
The  policy  is not so 
popular but is purchased for investment 
purpose. It suits those persons who get windfall income like lotteries
etc. and who can afford such single payment. The minimum sum assured is Rs.
20,000 and there is no limit  maximum sum
assured.</div>
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(2) Convertible whole life plan No-27: 
This  policy  is suitable to young man who is on the thresh
hold  of his career and has prospects of
increase in income after some times. The object of  this is to provide maximum protection at
minimum cost. It is a whole life without profit plan, premiums payable up to
age of 70 yearsof the assured. The
premium charged is that of whole life without profits  and therefore sufficiently low. This risk is
however covered for the full sum assured. After 5 years, the life assured can
convert this  policy  into an endowment with or without profits
choosing that term without having to go on in for a medical examination In case
the conversion option is not exercised at the end of 5 years the  policy continues as a whole life plan
without  profits with the premium
payments ceasing at the age of 70. The minimum sum assured is Rs. 20 000, and
the maximum age at the entry is 45 years. 
3) Limited payment whole life plan 
No-5: In this  policy the life
assured required to pay premium for a fixed period from 5 to 55 years. The life
assured shall have</div>
</div>

LIFE INSURANCE PRODUCTS OR POLICIES

As mentioned earlier in the life insurance industry, apart from LIC India Several private companies are also involved in selling life policies to general public living in different corners of ou…

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF LIFE INSURANCE

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Insurance  have been able to keep their promise
because  life insurance  is based on sound scientific  principles. These include<br />
<br />
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 1)  Shared risk: Members of our  earliest societies understood the
benefits  of pooling  their resources talent and also risk .
Whether  hunting for food or
defending  against common enemies  people found that sharing the risk among the
group minimized the risk to the individual. This is how the workers  guilds of the middle ages attempted  to protect families of members  against another common enemy: financial
hardship caused by death. Members  would
contribute  small amounts  each years  into a common widows and orphans fund. Though
the system was flawed it did provide basic protection for families  of members who died during the year. This
idea was still used as late as the Nineteenth Century  in this country by immigrant groups: it later
became the basis for the hundreds of fraternal 
life insurance  companies still
flourishing  today as well as  for association group insurance plan
including  those offered by the American
Academy of family physicians. </div>
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2) The La
of the large numbers: The principles of shared risk only works when the law of
large numbers is also applied, Under this scientific  principles the larger the group, the less
impact the death of one member has on the group as a whole. A group with just
ten, a hundred even a thousands members would not works. The base would  be too fragile  to susceptible 
to mortality blips due to situations and events that lead to
unexpected  deaths such as a  flu epidemic 
or earthquake that look of thousands of lives in a  certain geography  location. This is one reason groups and
individual today transfer the risk to insurance companies in effect forming new
groups consisting of  hundreds of
thousands  very often millions of
members.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4qRpGkMSUNZiYz0ZKeo26gxNFEECnR-CCfLj6azlVAfKj7I4S82qO4n53RgnIw1YDCU-_7GnnmdZSsAyOf8aRVmGlMWg5S0zgwSre7EtTDAUm1mzrFpksS8HJeQrRgmkV5-xPIAqVqZg/s1600/insurance.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4qRpGkMSUNZiYz0ZKeo26gxNFEECnR-CCfLj6azlVAfKj7I4S82qO4n53RgnIw1YDCU-_7GnnmdZSsAyOf8aRVmGlMWg5S0zgwSre7EtTDAUm1mzrFpksS8HJeQrRgmkV5-xPIAqVqZg/s1600/insurance.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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3)  Predictable Mortality: A third principle
of  life insurance   is predictable mortality. It is not possible
to tell when a given individual will die. but du to more than a century of
tracking and recording data about health life style and mortality trends,
insures can projects life expectancies. This data  is recorded in mortality tables. A mortality
table is a chart summarizing the life span of a large number of people.
Specifically it projects (a) the number of death that will occur per 1,000
individual  at a given age and  (b) the life expectancy of an individual at
any age. The 1980 commissioner’s standard ordinary mortality table 1980 (SO) is
the official mortality table in use the by all insurances today, It charts a
representative sample of 10 million lives and 
follows them to age 100 when for insurance purpose the last person is
presumed to have died.  Once  the insurance company  can reasonably  predict how many people of a given age will
die in a given year, it can project mortality experience. Subsequently the
insurer can then project costs and premium 
rates. For instances  as life
expectancy  has climbed dramatically in this century the cost of  life insurance  has decreased.<br />
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4) 
Invested Assets: When the insurance company receives premium, that money
is not just put into  a vault. It is
invested. It may be years before a claim is made against the police. So, the
impact of investment experience can be significant. The projected return is
factored into premium and other costs. At the same time a percentage of assets
is set aside in company  reserves to
reduce the impact of unexpected events.  </div>
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 5) Fair and accurate risk selection: A 
life insurance  contract is an
aleatory contract. It is  based on the
possibility  of a chance occurrence and
in all likelihood, one side will benefit more than the other. However  for 
life insurance  to work, the
insurer needs to recover as many variables as possible. This brings  up to the final principle  of insurance, which is fair and accurate risk
assessment. Especially  with the
individual insurance policies, coverage is issued based on the assumption of
reasonable risk. This means insuring people who are  generally in good  health at the time of application. This
is also why medical exams  and blood
samples are sometimes required. Once 
insured policy owners are protected if they become ill. That is the
reasonable risk the company  assumes that
a certain percentage of insured will die prematurely. However  were the company to issue policies on
seriously ill application   life
insurance  would becomes
prohibitively  expensive.</div>
</div>

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF LIFE INSURANCE

Insurance have been able to keep their promise because life insurance is based on sound scientific principles. These include 1) Shared risk: Members of our earliest societies understood the be…

LIFE INSURANCE Vs NON- LIFE INSURANCE

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 The following are the differences between  life insurance  and other forms  insurance 
such as a  fire marine  and miscellaneous insurance.  1) Happening of event: The event insured
against in  life insurance  is a certain event, the only uncertainty
being the time when the event will occur. But in case of fire and marine   insurance  
the events insured against may or may not take place at all or may tale
place wholly or partly. Thus in  life
insurance , every policy will become a claim sooner or  later but it is not so in other insurances.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXD2m16jnk5f4YyGowHN5V5BwjXIn51GJPCK8I_AEK1wTgXVLnu2cbAcpEhusWmgcJGc6a6PNiZ3nZVEQfhQMZMkZjbt5FoPiuyz2mosJJz6BPL1WUvlK1GDaTKhq-cptaVHUqZJ1YCFk/s1600/Economic-Downturn.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXD2m16jnk5f4YyGowHN5V5BwjXIn51GJPCK8I_AEK1wTgXVLnu2cbAcpEhusWmgcJGc6a6PNiZ3nZVEQfhQMZMkZjbt5FoPiuyz2mosJJz6BPL1WUvlK1GDaTKhq-cptaVHUqZJ1YCFk/s1600/Economic-Downturn.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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 2)  Partial Loss:  Life insurance  is a contract 
to pay an absolute amount on the maturity of the policy and there is no
possibility of partial losses but the other insurance are indemnity contracts
where only the actual  amount of loss
will be payable irrespective of the assured sum.  3) Risk assessment: Risk classification is
generally more simple in  life
insurance  chan in the  others forms of insurance. Here all the lives
are divided into three groups: Standard sub-standard and  uninsurable. But of property insurance.  the classification is more complex e.g. in
marine insurance. the risk may be divided according to the type of vessel.
voyage, season  etc. So is the case of
fire and other insurance.<br />
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 4)  Period: 
In most forms of insurance the policy is taken for one years of even for
a shorter period  but in life contracts
the insurance is taken for very long period.  </div>
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5) Premium: In  life
insurance  the premium are charged
generally on level premium plan which means that the premium charged in the
initial years of the policy are higher than the actual cost of insurance but in
fire and marine insurance contract , the premiums are just sufficient to cover
the actual cost of insurance  it contains
both the investments and protection elements but in  the fire or marine contracts there
exists  the protection  element only.</div>
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 6)  Insurable Interest: In  life insurance  the insured 
must have the insurable interest when the policy is taken. but in marine
insurance  he must  have it when the loss aries. In  life insurance  the insurable interest must be present at
both the times, when the policy is taken and when it becomes a claim. </div>
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  7) 
Higher hazard: In  life
insurance   the hazard increases from
year to year. This happens in fire and marine insurances also but there the
subject  matter may be kept in good
condition  by  repair or the 
replacement or worst  parts: but
in  life insurance  the chances of death go on increasing with
increased age whatever precautions  may
be taken by one about one’s health. In spite of the higher hazard  from year to year, the same premium rate is
charged in life contracts.  </div>
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8) Procedure:
Medical examination  is required 
before a  life insurance  is granted whereas survey is made for before
a property is insured. </div>
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 9) Amount: Life
insurance  can be taken for any amount
depending  upon the premium paying
capacity of the insured. But  in other
insurances policies can be taken up to the value of the property </div>
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 10) Transfer: A  life police 
can be  transferred either by
assignment or by nomination. But in other insurance the financial  interest can be transferred only by
assignment with the prior permission  of
the insurer.  </div>
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11)  Surrender: A life policy 
can be surrender  by the insured
before its maturity. But in other insurances, it cannot be done. </div>
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12)  Claim: 
The claim money in  life
insurance  is an agreed amount as the
insured sum which is fixed in advance by the insurer as well as the insured.
Claim money in other insurances  arises
only in  case of <o:p></o:p></div>
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loss due to risk.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
</div>

LIFE INSURANCE Vs NON- LIFE INSURANCE

The following are the differences between life insurance and other forms insurance such as a fire marine and miscellaneous insurance. 1) Happening of event: The event insured against in life…

ADVANTAGES OF LIFE INSURANCE

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The advantage of life
insurance over other types of savings instrument available  in the market are as follows<br />
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 1)  Creates an Estate: Life insurance policy
creates an estate. At any point of time the value of any other type of saving is the
total accumulation in that account only. If the savings holder unfortunately
dies, the amount  available  to the dependents  is the accumulation only. In case of the life
insurance the moment a policy  is taken
an estate in created to the extent of the sum assured under the policy i.e. if
the policy owner dies, what becomes payable to the dependents is the sum
assured   the total value of the state
and not the total premiums paid. </div>
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 2)
Encourages thrift:  Life insurance
encourages  thrift i.e., forced and
compulsory  savings. In case of  other types of savings. the moment persons
feels the need for money, there is great attraction to which money from the
savings accumulation. The purpose for which the savings accounts is opened is
seldom fulfilled for that reason. in Life insurance policies there is a
built-in discouragement  to withdraw.
Only surrender value which is  a
small  percent  of the premium. paid will be available to the
policy owner  if he wants be to withdrawn
. The policy owner thus is forced to continue 
payment of premiums and never try to surrender a policy. This will
ultimately  fulfill the purpose fore
which the policy was purchased. </div>
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3) Gift to near and
dear: Life insurance policies cannot be attached by any court of law or
income-tax authorities. A  married man
can take  a policy under married Women’s
Property Act for the benefit of his wife and / children separately and create
separate estates for their benefits. Once a policy  is obtained under his legislation  the policy 
holder will not have any hold or right over it. Life insurance thus can
be used as  a gift to the near and
dear.  </div>
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4) Protection against liquidation
of property: A Life insurance policy can be utilised <o:p></o:p></div>
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 as a collateral  security for a housing loan. In case of unfortunate
death of the policy owner, the amount available 
under the Life insurance policy is adjusted towards the outstanding  loan and interest and the house is released
to the beneficiaries  without any
encumbrance. Without such a facility the family will have to self sell the
house in the open market to clear the loan. It will be a distress sale and so
would fetch only a fraction of the real market value  of the house. Life insurance thus affords
protection against forced liquidation of property. </div>
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5)  Acts
as an Emergency fund: If immediate 
liquid cash is needed a policy of Life insurance can be against to the
Life insurance company, a Bank or any other financial institution as security
for a loan. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Life insurance thus
can acts as an Emergency Fund. banks today grant educational loans to students
for higher education. They insist on a Life insurance policy as a
collateral  security.  6) No stamp duty: Transfer of property contained
in a Life insurance policy does not attract any 
stamp duty like other property. It can be done by an assignment under sec. 38 of
Insurance  Act  1938, either by an endorsement on the back of
the policy  document or on a stamp
paper.  7)  No tax on proceeds of policy: The processed
of a Life insurance policy including  any
bonuses paid are not liable for income tax. </div>
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 8) Tax Exemption: For gaining income tax exemptions under Sec. 80C of
Income tax act, a person, can pay 
premiums under policies is the  on
his /her life or an the life is spouses 
or children, whether major of minor married or unmarried.</div>
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(9)  Simple claim settlement: Settlement of a
claim under Life insurance  policies  is very simple. In case of  a death claim, the nominee receives the
policy moneys. Incase  of survival of the
policy  holder till the date of maturity
of the policy, the maturity claim is paid 
to the policy holder himself. </div>
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<span id="goog_563812057"></span><span id="goog_563812058"></span><br /></div>
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10)  Safe method  of Investments : Life insurance  is a safe and profitable investments. The
IRDA constituted  by the Govt of
India  in 1998 keeps a constant  watch and vigil over the financial positions
of the Life insurance  companies. There
are strict solvency margins to be maintained by the companies. The IRDA pays
special attention  to the safety of the
moneys paid by the policy holders. thus life insurance  provides a safe method  for investments especially by the middle
class.  11) Effective management of
funds: One of the important  criteria for
investments of funds, apart from safety and liquidity is management of funds. A
life insurance  company  will have the necessary experience and
expertise in this field and a policy holder gets the benefits of the same
entirely free. Moreover the policy holder will be free of all tensions.  </div>
</div>

ADVANTAGES OF LIFE INSURANCE

The advantage of life insurance over other types of savings instrument available in the market are as follows 1) Creates an Estate: Life insurance policy creates an estate. At any point of time th…

ECONOMIC USES OF LIFE INSURANCE

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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Following </span>are the different
economics uses of the Life insurance</div>
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<br /></div>
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 1: 
Financial security: Life insurance provides financial security to the
family. An untimely  and premature death
of the bread winner result in a great financial problem to the family. If no
security provision is made by the breadwinner to meet such this situation., his death  would make the family destitute. They will
become a burden to the society. Life insurance is the best instrument to
provide security in the event  of happening  of such contingency.<br />
<br />
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2) Savings: Life insurance is also a potent
instrument for savings. </div>
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 3) Dreams come
true: Every person lives in dream  dream
of very high education for children very decent marriages to daughters  etc. Life insurance makes such dreams come
true even if they dreamer is no more. </div>
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 4)  Collateral of Security : Own
shelter has become an  essential to
everyone. Many institutions offer mortgage loans for purchase  construction of  a house/ flat/ Life insurance acts as a
collateral security  in respect of the
such loans. Without such security the same shelter
considered  an asset as long as the house
purchaser is alive, will become a liability to the family if he dies before
repayment of the entire loan. To repay the outstanding loan, the property will
have to be disposed off. Circumstances. will make  it a distress sale and it will fetch much
less than its reasonable market value. </div>
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 5)  Financial Independence: Life
insurance provides financial Independence 
in old age. The lumpsum maturity value of a policy when received  can be invested to yield interest  sufficient 
to meet expenses after retirement from work life. Or the same  money can be utilised to  purchase an annuity. While  still young, an individual  can purchase a deferred annuity  and fund the same in easy instalments. </div>
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 6) 
Protects Creditors: Organizations 
or  individual  who are in credit business, can ensure  for themselves  recovery of loan  when a 
debtor dies. The can obtain a group 
individual  life insurance   policy on then lives  of debtors. So that if a  debtor 
dies, the policy proceeds will repay the 
outstanding  loan. </div>
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 7) Protects Partnership firm: A Partnership
firm can insure the lives of the partners to the extent of capital invested by
each  in the business. In case of the
death  of the partner  the danger of withdrawal of capital by the
legal heirs of the deceased   partner can
be met from the processed  of the policy.
Otherwise  there is the risk of financial
problems for the partnership business.  </div>
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8) Provides  fund for replacement:
Under key man insurance  an
organization  can insure the lives of
executive whose expertise greatly 
contributes  to their profits. In</div>
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 case  of
the death  of a key man, the money
provided by the insurance can be utilised 
to recruit  a new person who is equally
capable as a replacement.</div>
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 9) Improves 
productivity:  Organization  can purchase group life insurance policies as
part of the their employee– welfare program. This acts as a  morale booster to the workers and result in
improved production. <b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
</div>

ECONOMIC USES OF LIFE INSURANCE

Following are the different economics uses of the Life insurance 1: Financial security: Life insurance provides financial security to the family. An untimely and premature death of the bread winne…

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE INSURANCE

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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">The following characteristics  of features in life insurance may be deduced from the aforesaid definitions</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">: 1) Offer and acceptance: Like other contracts of insurance the life insurance  contract is also  the outcome </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">of an offer made by the policy owner and its acceptance by  the insurer. Generally the  life insurance  is a  contract is made in waiting. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">2) Agreed sum of money: The insurer agrees to pay a  certain sum of money either on the death of policy owner  or on the maturity of the policy whichever is earlier </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> 3) Premium: The policy  owner is liable to pay periodically the amount of the payment in the form of premium till the death of the policy owner or expiry of the period of policy  whichever is earlier</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">4) Not a contract of indemnity: Life insurance contract is a note a contract  of indemnity as the loss caused by the death cannot be measured in terms of money is a compensation for loss of the one’s life. 5)  Insurable interest: In life insurance  insurable interest must exist when the claim. The person who has been assigned  a life policy  need not  have insurable interest in it as the insurable interest was already present at time of taking policy.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> 6) Lending helping hand: Life insurance  provides helping hand to those  who are left support less and  helps financially in case of the death of the insured. It is also considered to be than the best alternative for making savings. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Calibri'; font-size: 11.0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">7) Covers other risks: Life insurance covered  others risks which are connected with the  human life in addition  to the risk of death. For example, total and permanent disability  or temporary disability and medical expense compulsory retirement or the  economics death risks etc., have also  been covered  under the purview of Life insurance these days. 8) Relief  sword of damocles: Life insurance relieves  the insured  from the sword of damocles  i.e.., various risks and uncertainties  which may occur before and after  the death of the insured</span><br />
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE INSURANCE

The following characteristics of features in life insurance may be deduced from the aforesaid definitions : 1) Offer and acceptance: Like other contracts of insurance the life insurance contract is…